Pathophysiology and markers of very early classic Guillain-Barré syndrome
September 2024
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nerves. This condition often follows an infection and can lead to...
Early detection of autism with the help of biomarkers: A narrative review
September 2025
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms that vary significantly in individuals. The main manifestations include difficulties in social interactions, communication disorders,...
Blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: A narrative review
Available online 31 March 2026
Blood-based biomarkers have revolutionized the diagnostic landscape for neurodegenerative diseases, offering accessible alternatives to invasive cerebrospinal fluid analysis and expensive neuroimaging....
Biomarkers in autoimmune myasthenia gravis: A narrative review
September 2025
Myasthenia gravis is a heterogeneous, autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction, characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. Early diagnosis is critical to initiate immunotherapy for the disease,...
Blood biomarkers for clinical applications in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review
June 2025
Alzheimer's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that imposes a significant burden on both patients and society. Currently, the primary methods for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease include...
Brain structural and functional alteration in movement disorders: A narrative review of markers and their dynamic changes
March 2026
Movement disorders can present a significant challenge to healthcare professionals due to their varied etiologies, complex symptomatology, and often debilitating consequences for patients by affecting...
Biomarkers for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A narrative review of advanced glycation end products
September 2026
The pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves hyperglycemia-induced metabolic changes, including the polyol and protein kinase C pathways and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)....
Misdiagnoses of psychiatric disorders and the utility of diagnostic microRNA biomarkers
September 2024
Due to overlapping symptoms and similarities with other illnesses, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of psychiatric disorders frequently occur. Objective laboratory-based biomarkers that can...
Expanding landscape of tau pathology in neurological disorders: A narrative review guiding diagnostic development and targeted therapeutics
Available online 31 March 2026
For decades, tau pathology was synonymous with Alzheimer’s disease, where it co-occurs with amyloid-β plaques. A paradigm shift has since established that tau is the primary pathogenic driver of a diverse...
Role of the amygdala and possible biomarkers in psychiatric disorders
March 2025
In the early 1800s, the "cerebral amygdala" was described as an almond-shaped structure within the temporal lobe. A century later, the role of amygdala in modulating behavior became evident, specifically...
Neurobiological and neuroimaging biomarkers: A narrative review of precision medicine for diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders
September 2026
Markers provide information about brain function, structure, and activity and are often used to study neurological and psychiatric conditions. This is crucial for diseases such as Parkinson’s disease,...
Dark white matter is a subcortical MRI marker in seizures and systemic disorders: A narrative review
December 2025
Recognizing subcortical white matter hypointensities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly in patients with seizures, has led to identifying a novel radiological phenomenon known as the...
Apolipoprotein E genotype as a biomarker in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review of the influence of genetic factors on molecular structure
September 2025
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. This review addresses the...
Understanding Vivaldi's cognitive and neurobiological effects through behavioral and neuroimaging biomarker lenses: A narrative review
Available online 5 November 2025
Research has demonstrated that Antonio Vivaldi's Four Seasons concertos boost attention and working memory in young and older populations. Neuroimaging biomarkers derived from electroencephalography,...
Brain age prediction from MRI scans using deep learning: A robust multi-site framework for neurodegenerative disease biomarker development
September 2026
Brain age prediction has emerged as a promising computational biomarker for understanding healthy aging and identifying deviations associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This study constructed...
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and saliva measured with Lumipulse technology: a narrative review
March 2025
Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein released primarily by astrocytes in the central nervous system, providing structural and functional support to neurons. Glial fibrillary...
Sensitive quantitation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: Validation of single-molecule assay detection method
Available online 15 August 2026
Neurodegenerative disease biomarkers are often present at low concentrations in their native matrices; thus, accurate measurements of these biomarkers rely on ultra-high-sensitivity assays. This study...
N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor dysregulation as a neuromarker of schizophrenia: A narrative review
March 2026
Schizophrenia is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Emerging evidence implicates N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor hypofunction in its pathophysiology,...
Biomarkers in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A narrative review from pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical research
Available online 28 May 2026
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neurodegenerative tauopathy associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts, particularly in contact sports. Despite well-defined neuropathological criteria,...
Role of gut-microbiome-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: A narrative review of mechanisms, therapeutics, and emerging perspectives
September 2025
The gut–microbiota–brain axis represents a complex bidirectional communication system linking intestinal microbes and their metabolites with the central nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that...
Gene biomarkers related to the assembly of SNARE complexes in Alzheimer’s disease: A retrospective observational study on synergistic effects and diagnostic model construction
June 2026
Studies have suggested that synaptosome associated protein 25 (SNAP25) is abundantly expressed in the brain and contains two SNARE motifs, making the investigation of its role in Alzheimer’s disease...
Neuromarkers in bipolar disorder: A narrative review bridging neuroscience and clinical practice
June 2026
Bipolar disorder is a chronic, disabling psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent mood episodes and substantial functional impairment. Its diagnosis and management remain largely reliant on...
Biases and consistency of different assay methods for neurological biomarkers using Quanterix single-molecule-array technology: A comparative study of the secondary analysis method
March 2026
Breakthrough technologies such as the Single molecule array (Simoa) technology developed by Quanterix provide higher sensitivity, enabling measurement of central nervous system-abundant proteins in...
Optimizing Alzheimer's diagnosis and precision medicine: A narrative review unlocking the potential of multiomics markers
September 2025
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive and functional decline, with significant societal and economic consequences. Its differential...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as biomarkers in cerebrovascular diseases: A narrative review
March 2025
Cerebrovascular disease, a critical global health challenge, profoundly affects the quality and longevity of human life due to its alarmingly high incidence, disability, mortality, recurrence rate,...